Media literacy, trust in media, and hate speech – specifically within the context of post-communist countries are a pressing issue that has become increasingly relevant in our ever-connected world. As individuals who have had the unique experience of living in post-communist nations, namely Montenegro, Albania, and Romania, we have witnessed firsthand the challenges and transformations that these societies have undergone. Today, we aim to explore and compare these experiences with our observations from being in the United States, a democratic country.
Media literacy is a critical skill in today's fast-paced world, where we are constantly bombarded with information from a variety of sources. Particularly in post-communist countries, where the media landscape has undergone significant changes since the fall of the Iron Curtain, understanding how to navigate the influx of news and media is paramount. We intend to delve into the importance of media literacy, emphasizing its role in fostering an informed citizenry, promoting democratic values, and combatting the spread of misinformation.
Trust in media is another aspect we consider integral to the health of any democratic society. Building trust between the media and its consumers is a complex process, especially when countries have recently transitioned from a communist regime, often characterized by state-controlled media. We will examine the challenges faced in rebuilding trust, the role of independent journalism, and the impact of media ownership on public perception.
Furthermore, hate speech presents a significant concern in our study of post-communist countries. Such societies have had to confront divisive ideologies and rhetoric that can perpetuate discrimination, conflict, and social unrest. Our aim is to analyze how hate speech manifests in these contexts, whether it be through political movements, media platforms, or societal attitudes. We will also explore potential strategies for combating hate speech and fostering inclusive and tolerant societies.
Drawing upon our lived experiences in Montenegro, Albania, and Romania, as well as our present exposure to the democratic environment of the United States, we seek to offer a comprehensive comparison of media literacy, trust in media, and hate speech across these distinct settings. By doing so, we hope to not only broaden our own understanding but also contribute to a collective effort in addressing these challenges on a global scale.
Media literacy is a critical skill in today's fast-paced world, where we are constantly bombarded with information from a variety of sources. Particularly in post-communist countries, where the media landscape has undergone significant changes since the fall of the Iron Curtain, understanding how to navigate the influx of news and media is paramount. We intend to delve into the importance of media literacy, emphasizing its role in fostering an informed citizenry, promoting democratic values, and combatting the spread of misinformation.
Trust in media is another aspect we consider integral to the health of any democratic society. Building trust between the media and its consumers is a complex process, especially when countries have recently transitioned from a communist regime, often characterized by state-controlled media. We will examine the challenges faced in rebuilding trust, the role of independent journalism, and the impact of media ownership on public perception.
Furthermore, hate speech presents a significant concern in our study of post-communist countries. Such societies have had to confront divisive ideologies and rhetoric that can perpetuate discrimination, conflict, and social unrest. Our aim is to analyze how hate speech manifests in these contexts, whether it be through political movements, media platforms, or societal attitudes. We will also explore potential strategies for combating hate speech and fostering inclusive and tolerant societies.
Drawing upon our lived experiences in Montenegro, Albania, and Romania, as well as our present exposure to the democratic environment of the United States, we seek to offer a comprehensive comparison of media literacy, trust in media, and hate speech across these distinct settings. By doing so, we hope to not only broaden our own understanding but also contribute to a collective effort in addressing these challenges on a global scale.
Media Literacy
It has already been more than 30 years since the beginning of the political transformation in the countries of East Center and Eastern Europe, which would immediately lead to the liberation of the mass media. However, now and again, media freedom and media literacy has been repeatedly challenged in all post-communist countries.
According to the findings of the Media Literacy Index for 2021 by the European Policies Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute, Sofia, Albania is ranked at 33th place, leaving behind only Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia. Meanwhile, the findings of 2022 show an even worse ranking, where Albania is ranked in the 37th place.
If we have a look at the general map, we will see the same level of media literacy in almost all post-communist countries, which means that there, media literacy is an important issue that seeks solution. Comparing to USA, a country that has always been democratic, the difference is obvious. In the video below, Dr. Nikki McClaran talks briefly about media literacy, how the general population perceives it and what can be done to improve media literacy levels.
According to the findings of the Media Literacy Index for 2021 by the European Policies Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute, Sofia, Albania is ranked at 33th place, leaving behind only Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia. Meanwhile, the findings of 2022 show an even worse ranking, where Albania is ranked in the 37th place.
If we have a look at the general map, we will see the same level of media literacy in almost all post-communist countries, which means that there, media literacy is an important issue that seeks solution. Comparing to USA, a country that has always been democratic, the difference is obvious. In the video below, Dr. Nikki McClaran talks briefly about media literacy, how the general population perceives it and what can be done to improve media literacy levels.
Media Literacy, however, is not only the responsibility of media institutions and schools, but a responsibility of us all. We can all do something to improve our media literacy skills, as individuals and citizens of our communities.
Trust in Media (Montenegro vs. U.S.)
Montenegro Case Study (review)
Trust in media in Montenegro is a complex and multifaceted issue. Montenegro has experienced significant changes in its media landscape since regaining its independence in 2006. While there have been some positive developments, challenges still persist that impact trust in the media.
1. Political Influence: Montenegro's media scene has been criticized for its close ties to political interests. Many media outlets are either directly controlled or indirectly influenced by political figures, leading to concerns about biased reporting and lack of independence. This has resulted in a polarization of the media, with outlets often presenting news from a particular political perspective.
2. Lack of Pluralism: Despite multiple media outlets, pluralism remains a concern in Montenegro. Many outlets tend to favor the ruling political party or influential individuals, limiting the diversity of voices and perspectives. This lack of diverse viewpoints can undermine public trust, as citizens may perceive the media as serving specific interests rather than providing objective news.
3. Self-Censorship and Intimidation: Journalists in Montenegro face challenges such as self-censorship and intimidation, which can impact the quality and accuracy of reporting. There have been cases of physical attacks, threats, and lawsuits against journalists critical of the government or powerful figures, creating a climate of fear and inhibiting investigative journalism. Such incidents erode trust in the media and hinder its ability to hold power to account.
4. Media Ownership and Financial Sustainability: Concentration of media ownership is an issue in Montenegro as well. A few media conglomerates and powerful individuals control a significant proportion of the media market, raising concerns about their influence over editorial content. Moreover, the economic challenges faced by media outlets, including declining advertising revenues, limit their independence and ability to produce quality journalism.
5. Media Literacy: Limited media literacy among the population is another factor affecting trust in media. The lack of critical thinking skills and understanding of how the media operates can make people more susceptible to misinformation and manipulation. Enhancing media literacy through education and awareness campaigns is crucial to ensure citizens can navigate the media landscape and make informed judgments about the credibility of news sources.
Efforts to improve trust in media in Montenegro include advocating for media freedom, supporting independent journalism organizations, and promoting transparency in media ownership. International organizations and civil society groups play an active role in monitoring and advocating for media integrity in the country. However, rebuilding trust in the media will require sustained efforts to address the underlying challenges and create an environment that encourages independent, pluralistic, and responsible journalism.
Trust in media in Montenegro is a complex and multifaceted issue. Montenegro has experienced significant changes in its media landscape since regaining its independence in 2006. While there have been some positive developments, challenges still persist that impact trust in the media.
1. Political Influence: Montenegro's media scene has been criticized for its close ties to political interests. Many media outlets are either directly controlled or indirectly influenced by political figures, leading to concerns about biased reporting and lack of independence. This has resulted in a polarization of the media, with outlets often presenting news from a particular political perspective.
2. Lack of Pluralism: Despite multiple media outlets, pluralism remains a concern in Montenegro. Many outlets tend to favor the ruling political party or influential individuals, limiting the diversity of voices and perspectives. This lack of diverse viewpoints can undermine public trust, as citizens may perceive the media as serving specific interests rather than providing objective news.
3. Self-Censorship and Intimidation: Journalists in Montenegro face challenges such as self-censorship and intimidation, which can impact the quality and accuracy of reporting. There have been cases of physical attacks, threats, and lawsuits against journalists critical of the government or powerful figures, creating a climate of fear and inhibiting investigative journalism. Such incidents erode trust in the media and hinder its ability to hold power to account.
4. Media Ownership and Financial Sustainability: Concentration of media ownership is an issue in Montenegro as well. A few media conglomerates and powerful individuals control a significant proportion of the media market, raising concerns about their influence over editorial content. Moreover, the economic challenges faced by media outlets, including declining advertising revenues, limit their independence and ability to produce quality journalism.
5. Media Literacy: Limited media literacy among the population is another factor affecting trust in media. The lack of critical thinking skills and understanding of how the media operates can make people more susceptible to misinformation and manipulation. Enhancing media literacy through education and awareness campaigns is crucial to ensure citizens can navigate the media landscape and make informed judgments about the credibility of news sources.
Efforts to improve trust in media in Montenegro include advocating for media freedom, supporting independent journalism organizations, and promoting transparency in media ownership. International organizations and civil society groups play an active role in monitoring and advocating for media integrity in the country. However, rebuilding trust in the media will require sustained efforts to address the underlying challenges and create an environment that encourages independent, pluralistic, and responsible journalism.
U.S. Case Study (review)
Trust in media in America has been a topic of significant concern and scrutiny in recent years. Public trust in the media is crucial for a well-functioning democracy as it ensures that citizens receive accurate information to make informed decisions. However, several factors have contributed to the decline in trust in media.
1. Partisan Bias: In the United States, media outlets have become increasingly polarized along political lines. This has led to a perception of partisan bias in reporting, with many people feeling that news organizations have their own agenda, leading to a lack of trust. Conservatives often feel that media organizations are biased towards liberal viewpoints, whereas liberals feel that some outlets are overly sympathetic to right-wing perspectives.
2. Fake News and Misinformation: The rise of social media has facilitated the spread of fake news and misinformation, further eroding trust in the media. The dissemination of false or misleading information, intentionally or unintentionally, has caused confusion and doubt among consumers of news. This has fueled skepticism and made it even harder to discern the truth from falsehoods in an increasingly complex media landscape.
3. Corporate Influence: Many media organizations in the United States are owned by large corporations, raising concerns about the influence of corporate interests on news reporting. Critics argue that corporate ownership can compromise the objectivity and independence of the media, leading to biased coverage or the suppression of certain stories that might be detrimental to corporate interests.
4. Lack of Media Literacy: Limited media literacy skills among the general populace have contributed to a decline in trust. Many people are not equipped to critically evaluate and analyze news content, making them vulnerable to manipulation and misinformation. Without the ability to discern reliable sources and distinguish between factual reporting and opinion, trust in media naturally diminishes.
5. Declining Revenues and Newsroom Cutbacks: The financial challenges faced by many media organizations have resulted in newsroom cutbacks. This has led to concerns about diminished journalistic quality, reduced resources for investigative reporting, and an increased reliance on clickbait or sensationalized content. As a result, the public may perceive the media as prioritizing profit over integrity, undermining trust in its reporting.
Given these challenges, media organizations are working to rebuild trust in various ways. Fact-checking initiatives, transparency about ownership and funding, and efforts to promote media literacy are being championed. Additionally, emerging technologies like blockchain are being explored to verify the authenticity of news sources and combat misinformation. The ultimate goal is to foster an informed citizenry and regain public confidence in the media industry
Trust in media in America has been a topic of significant concern and scrutiny in recent years. Public trust in the media is crucial for a well-functioning democracy as it ensures that citizens receive accurate information to make informed decisions. However, several factors have contributed to the decline in trust in media.
1. Partisan Bias: In the United States, media outlets have become increasingly polarized along political lines. This has led to a perception of partisan bias in reporting, with many people feeling that news organizations have their own agenda, leading to a lack of trust. Conservatives often feel that media organizations are biased towards liberal viewpoints, whereas liberals feel that some outlets are overly sympathetic to right-wing perspectives.
2. Fake News and Misinformation: The rise of social media has facilitated the spread of fake news and misinformation, further eroding trust in the media. The dissemination of false or misleading information, intentionally or unintentionally, has caused confusion and doubt among consumers of news. This has fueled skepticism and made it even harder to discern the truth from falsehoods in an increasingly complex media landscape.
3. Corporate Influence: Many media organizations in the United States are owned by large corporations, raising concerns about the influence of corporate interests on news reporting. Critics argue that corporate ownership can compromise the objectivity and independence of the media, leading to biased coverage or the suppression of certain stories that might be detrimental to corporate interests.
4. Lack of Media Literacy: Limited media literacy skills among the general populace have contributed to a decline in trust. Many people are not equipped to critically evaluate and analyze news content, making them vulnerable to manipulation and misinformation. Without the ability to discern reliable sources and distinguish between factual reporting and opinion, trust in media naturally diminishes.
5. Declining Revenues and Newsroom Cutbacks: The financial challenges faced by many media organizations have resulted in newsroom cutbacks. This has led to concerns about diminished journalistic quality, reduced resources for investigative reporting, and an increased reliance on clickbait or sensationalized content. As a result, the public may perceive the media as prioritizing profit over integrity, undermining trust in its reporting.
Given these challenges, media organizations are working to rebuild trust in various ways. Fact-checking initiatives, transparency about ownership and funding, and efforts to promote media literacy are being championed. Additionally, emerging technologies like blockchain are being explored to verify the authenticity of news sources and combat misinformation. The ultimate goal is to foster an informed citizenry and regain public confidence in the media industry
While Montenegro and the United States differ in terms of media landscapes, political influence, media ethics, and trust levels, they both face challenges in ensuring public trust. However, the nature and extent of these challenges vary considerably based on the unique characteristics and circumstances of each country.
Hate Speech in the United States
The FBI’s report from 2021 concerning hate crimes in the United States of America shows that 12.411 persons, in 10.530 cases, were victims of hate speech. Sexual crimes, gender etiquette, race, religion represented the main conflicts. The growth of hate speech. The next video shows a detailed schema of the Single-bias Incident Bias Motivations by Category:
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Hate speech, as defined by the United Nations, is any communication that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language against a person or a group based on attributes such as race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or other characteristics. While free expression is a cornerstone of democracy, the rise of hate speech poses significant challenges to societal harmony and individual well-being. It also fuels animosity and contributes to polarizing communities, making peaceful dialogue and cooperation difficult.
Two Views on Hate Speech in the US
Michael Simone, Associate Research Professor, director of Data Science and Analytics for ASU Libraries at Arizona State University, and Shawn Walker, Assistant Professor at School of Social and Behavioral Sciences mapped the actual situation of hate speech: online, among groups, the topics attacked by the users and the limitations of speech.
Michael Simeone argues: “Language can sometimes operate in ways that people don't always appreciate the full impact of its deployment, and, I think, it is one of the key ingredients for hate, speech, and misinformation. We look at the way it kind of essentializes somebody or dehumanizes somebody, or prepares them to be worthy of violence. And I think when you essentialize someone in this way to say: ‘Oh, you know, if you're trans your child predator, which means you're a monster, and if you're a monster well, you don't have human rights because you're a monster’ and so language does these things for us. I think that sometimes people don't always appreciate the full kind of semiotic payload of what it is that they're saying.”
Echo Chambers
Moreover, online platforms seem to behave like echo chambers. “Oftentimes, I think they haven't thought of all of the potential implications there. Or that by dehumanizing somebody that is actually like one of the bases you have to get to - encouraging violence and extremism.”, adds Simeone.
Platforms are not censoring. It's their space. You're coming into someone's commercial space, and they set the rules for better or for worse. To give credit to everyone here is in many ways an impossible task. There's no direct solution. We are not going to stop hate speech. We're not going to stop misinformation, disinformation and hate speech. It's just that these spaces put a new twist on them.
New Forum, New Rules
Asked about the limitations of free speech, Shawn Walker clarifies: “We have The First Amendment, so we have freedom of speech. But you can't. You can't yell ‘fire’ in a crowded theater. So there are limits to free speech in the United States. These are most of the speeches that we're like in our communications. Environment has changed so that it no longer takes place in real public spaces. The First Amendment - that applies to public spaces. It doesn't apply to these commercial spaces. So the vast majority of our online speech takes place in commercial spaces in which we don't have The First Amendment. We don't have any rights, because that's not a space that's operated by the government."
It may start from a comment and it may lead to an entire group
Walker explains how extremist groups shape their speech in order to create hatred and attract fear: "We can also look at hate speech as we have kind of varying levels of hate speech, too. We'll often see one of the examples, like Michael and I have seen, is like the Proud Boys, which was a sort of paramilitary group in the United States. They participated on January 6. They are a bit Nazi, a bit white supremacist, a bit anti-women, although they do have members of color which is an interesting thing to process. But you'll see some of these groups. They don't kind of come out and say: ‘Do you want to be a white supremacist?’ Their recruitment efforts involved a lot of skill, so we can kind of think like Proud Boys, or like Al-Qaeda. There's a really large kind of surface vector. And you just pick one of those things that are kind of sticky to you, and that's your entry point. So you might not agree with everything the organization is saying, because Proud Boys is actually a whole set of organizations, or like a group like Al-Qaeda. You might not agree with what they're saying. But publicly, they're kind of: ‘Are you concerned about immigrants coming over the border and taking your jobs?’; and people say: ‘Oh, well, yeah. I think I'm concerned about that…’”
In conclusion, although post-communist countries face unique challenges concerning media literacy, trust in media, and hate speech, these challenges also present an opportunity for growth and progress. By prioritizing media literacy, fostering a culture of trustworthiness, and taking stringent action against hate speech, post-communist societies can lay the foundation for an independent, responsible, and inclusive media landscape. Through collaborative efforts, involving media institutions, governments, civil society, and citizens alike, we can overcome these challenges and embrace a democratic and informed society.